En route to Mars: NASA, Pentagon plan to develop nuclear spacecraft

NASA has partnered with a Pentagon research agency as it plans to test a spacecraft engine powered by nuclear fission by 2027 as part of the space agency's long-term effort to create more efficient methods of sending astronauts to Mars in the future.

NASA will partner with the US military's research and development agency, DARPA, to develop a nuclear thermal propulsion engine and launch it to space "as soon as 2027," said NASA administrator Bill Nelson during a conference in National Harbor, Maryland, according to Reuters.

The United States space agency has, for decades, studied the concept of nuclear thermal propulsion which introduces heat from a nuclear fission reactor to a hydrogen propellant in order to provide a thrust believed to be far more efficient than traditional chemical-based rocket engines.

NASA officials view nuclear thermal propulsion as crucial for sending humans beyond the moon and deeper into space. A trip to Mars from Earth using the technology could take roughly four months instead of some nine months with a conventional, chemically powered engine, engineers say.

That would substantially reduce the time astronauts would be exposed to deep-space radiation and would also require fewer supplies, such as food and other cargo, during a trip to Mars.

"If we have swifter trips for humans, they are safer trips," NASA deputy administrator and former astronaut Pam Melroy said.

Applications that spinoff from the planned 2027 demonstration – part of an existing DARPA research program that NASA is now joining – would also fit into the US Space Force’s space mobility and logistics segment, said Tabitha Dodson, DARPA’s program manager for the test program.

DARPA in 2021 awarded funds to General Atomics, Lockheed Martin, and Jeff Bezos' space company Blue Origin to study designs of nuclear reactors and spacecraft. By around March, the agency will pick a company to build the nuclear spacecraft for the 2027 demonstration, said program manager Dodson in an interview.

The joint NASA-DARPA effort's budget is $110 million for the 2023 fiscal year and is expected to be hundreds of millions of Dollars more through 2027.