China tests AI-powered long-range artillery that can hit a person 16km away

China’s military has used artificial intelligence to improve the accuracy of long-range artillery and potentially reduce the cost of warfare, according to a team of scientists working on the technology for the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).

In multiple tests conducted under various conditions last July, the researchers determined that their AI-powered laser-guided artillery could hit human-sized targets 16km (9.9 miles) away, South China Morning Post reports.

The precision achieved in the tests, which exceeded expectations, was far higher than that of any big guns in service, according to photos of the tests that showed the shells hit target boards in the bull’s-eye.

“Artificial intelligence is evolving quickly. More researchers are applying the technology to trajectory planning problems,” said the project’s team leader, Professor Wang Jiang, from the Beijing Institute of Technology, in a paper published in the peer-reviewed journal Acta Armamentarii on April 6.

Traditional artillery shells can land 100 metres (328 feet) or more away from a target. Guided artillery shells, which can make course adjustments during flight, are finding wider applications by militaries in China, the United States and other countries.

However, their accuracy has been limited due to the huge amount of real-time data that must be calculated using traditional mathematical models. Flight variables such as wind, temperature and air pressure can limit the precision of an artillery round to the point that it could miss its target by a few or tens of metres.

Instead of traditional mathematical methods, AI offers the potential for faster data-processing speeds, according to Wang, as well as collaborators from China’s defence industry and experts from a Beijing-based China-United Arab Emirates Belt and Road joint laboratory on intelligent unmanned systems.

Once a smart shell is launched, it must quickly collect and analyse a wide variety of environmental data to fine-tune its course – calculations that can increase exponentially with the number of variables.

The shell’s computer chip must be as simple as possible as it must withstand the enormous heat and shock of artillery fire. Facing such demands, processors must often discard valuable raw data to complete the calculations in time, thus affecting overall accuracy.

But with AI, even a slow computer chip can finish necessary calculations using nearly all available data, according to Wang’s team.

As it learns from training based on data collected in real flights or laboratory experiments, AI can bypass some of the more demanding calculations performed under traditional approaches, according to the researchers.

The team also tested several AI models on tasks associated with sophisticated trajectory adjustments during flight. This division of labour among the AI models enabled further accuracy improvements, they said.

Both China and the US are racing to develop smart artillery to help cut the costs of warfare. Artillery shells are usually much cheaper than missiles, and can be quickly produced in large numbers.

Last year, the US Army awarded a US$66 million contract to arms maker Raytheon for an unspecified quantity of GPS-guided artillery smart munitions, with ranges of up to 40km, according to some media reports.

Chinese state media last year released footage of a live-fire exercise, which showed a moving car being destroyed by a smart artillery round, but the effective distance and accuracy of the weapon was not disclosed.

A new smart mortar deployed by the PLA has also reportedly achieved hits within centimetre-precision. However, mortars usually have shorter ranges and lower speeds compared to artillery.

Meanwhile, debate has continued over whether artillery fire requires such high accuracy.

Since shrapnel from a heavy shell blast can hit a person several hundred metres away, some military experts have said precision is unnecessary.

But others have argued that a high-precision cannon would be very useful for the PLA in the event of an attack on Taiwan.

In urban warfare, AI-powered artillery could neutralise enemy units or vehicles hidden in buildings with more efficiency than traditional fire power and at lower costs than missiles, said a Beijing-based defence industry engineer who was not involved in Wang’s project and asked not to be named due to the sensitivity of the topic.

“It will help reduce civilian casualties and damage to surrounding buildings. It will make reunification and reconstruction after the war easier,” he said.